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Title sequence

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A title screen (also called an opening screen or intro) is the method by which <a href="Film" title="Film">films</a> or <a href="Television_show" title="Television show">television programmes</a> present their title and key <a href="Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">production</a> and <a href="Cast_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast member">cast members</a>, utilizing conceptual visuals and sound (often an opening theme song with visuals, akin to a brief <a href="Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a>).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It typically includes (or begins) the text of the <a href="Opening_credits" title="Opening credits">opening credits</a>, and helps establish the setting and tone of the program. It may consist of live action, animation, music, still images and graphics. In some films, the title sequence is preceded by a <a href="Cold_open" title="Cold open">cold open</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Since the invention of the <a href="Cinematograph" title="Cinematograph">cinematograph</a>, simple title cards were used to begin and end silent film presentations in order to identify both the film and the production company involved, and to act as a signal to viewers that the film had started and then finished. In silent cinema, title cards or <a href="Intertitle" title="Intertitle">intertitles</a> were used throughout to convey dialogue and plot, and it is in some of these early short films that we see the first examples of title sequences themselves, being quite literally a series of title cards shown at the beginning of a film. With the arrival of sound, the sequence was usually accompanied by a musical prelude or <a href="Overture" title="Overture">overture</a>.

Slowly, title sequences evolved to become more elaborate pieces of film. The advent of television was a pivotal moment for title design because it forced the major film studios to invest in making cinema more attractive in order to win back a diminishing audience. The "cast of thousands" epics shot on various patent widescreen formats were a direct response to television's successful invasion of the leisure marketplace. Part of cinema's new prestigious and expansive quality were orchestral <a href="Overture" title="Overture">overtures</a> before the curtains opened and long title sequences — all designed to convey a sense of gravitas it was hoped television would be unable to compete with. As cinema's title sequences grew longer and more elaborate, the involvement of prominent graphic designers including <a href="Saul_Bass" title="Saul Bass">Saul Bass</a> and <a href="Maurice_Binder" title="Maurice Binder">Maurice Binder</a> became more common. The title sequence for Alfred Hitchcock's <a href="North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a> is generally cited as the first to feature extended use of <a href="Kinetic_typography" title="Kinetic typography">kinetic typography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This innovation, in turn, influenced the 1960s television predilection for title design, resulting in the creation of strong graphics-led sequences for many television shows. Since then, the mediums of film and television have engaged in a kind of push and pull behavior, inspiring and spurring each other in different directions.

There have been several such pivotal moments in title design history. The introduction of digital technologies in the late 1980s and early 1990s to film and television changed both industries, and accordingly the 1990s saw a resurgence in title design. Ironically, a key sequence in this resurgence was the <a href="Main_title" title="Main title">main title</a> to <a href="David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>'s <a href="Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)">Se7en</a>, designed by <a href="Kyle_Cooper" title="Kyle Cooper">Kyle Cooper</a> while at <a href="R/GA" title="R/GA">R/GA</a>, which was created using primarily analogue means.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The title opticals for Se7en were created by <a href="Cinema_Research_Corporation" title="Cinema Research Corporation">Cinema Research Corporation</a>, the leading title company in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Soon thereafter, television followed suit and networks like <a href="HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> began to develop more cinematic experiences for television, including more elaborate and considered title sequences. For example, when <a href="The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a> first aired in 1999, it was only the second hour-long television drama that HBO had ever produced. Its title sequence "helped lend the show a credibility and gravitas normally reserved for cinema, giving it a stronger foothold in the mind and memory of the audience."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

As of the beginning of the 21st century, title sequences can be found bookending a variety of media besides film and television including video games, conferences, and even music videos.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2></div>

Some films have employed unusual and fairly elaborate title sequences since the late 1910s; in America this practice became more common in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In the 1936 film <a href="Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a>, cut-out figures on a revolving turntable carried overhead banners which displayed the opening credits. This opening sequence was designed by John Harkrider, who created the costumes for the original 1927 <a href="Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> production of the musical.

In several films, the opening credits have appeared against a background of (sometimes moving) clouds. These include <a href="The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a> (1939), <a href="Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By" title="Till the Clouds Roll By">Till the Clouds Roll By</a> (1946), the <a href="David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> <a href="Oliver_Twist_(1948_film)" title="Oliver Twist (1948 film)">Oliver Twist</a> (1948), and the 1961 <a href="King_of_Kings_(1961_film)" title="King of Kings (1961 film)">King of Kings</a>.

In 1947, the <a href="Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> film <a href="Sinbad_the_Sailor_(1947_film)" title="Sinbad the Sailor (1947 film)">Sinbad the Sailor</a>, the letters of the opening credits seem to form from colored water gushing into a fountain.

Film titles and credits usually appear in written form, but occasionally they are spoken instead. The first example of this in American cinema was <a href="The_Terror_(1928_film)" title="The Terror (1928 film)">The Terror</a> (1928). There are also a few cases in which titles and credits are sung, including the musicals <a href="Sweet_Rosie_O'Grady" title="Sweet Rosie O'Grady">Sweet Rosie O'Grady</a> (1943) and <a href="Meet_Me_After_the_Show" title="Meet Me After the Show">Meet Me After the Show</a> (1951).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

Since the late 1950s, film title sequences have been a showcase for contemporary design and illustration. The title sequences of <a href="Saul_Bass" title="Saul Bass">Saul Bass</a> and <a href="Maurice_Binder" title="Maurice Binder">Maurice Binder</a> are among the best examples of this. They also inspired many imitators both in cinema and on television.

In the 1959 film <a href="Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a>, the opening credits were set against the background of the "Creation of Man" in <a href="Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> ceiling. As the credits progressed, the camera slowly zoomed in on the Hand of God outstretched toward Adam.

In 1976, <a href="Saul_Bass" title="Saul Bass">Saul Bass</a> designed a title sequence for <a href="That's_Entertainment%2C_Part_II" title="That's Entertainment, Part II">That's Entertainment, Part II</a> in which he paid homage to a range of title sequences from earlier Hollywood films and replicated several novelty title sequences from the 1930s including <a href="Maytime_(1937_film)" title="Maytime (1937 film)">Maytime</a> (1937).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<a href="Kyle_Cooper" title="Kyle Cooper">Kyle Cooper</a>'s title sequence for <a href="David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>'s <a href="Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)">Seven</a> (1995) influenced a whole host of designers in the late 1990s. Its aesthetic has "been co-opted almost wholesale by the <a href="Horror_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror genre">horror genre</a> as a house style".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<a href="Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>'s <a href="Hamlet_(1996_film)" title="Hamlet (1996 film)">Hamlet</a> (1996) actually has no opening title sequence. The only credits seen at the beginning are the name of the production company, <a href="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s name, and the title of the film. However, the title is shown by means of the camera slowly panning across the base of the statue of the dead king Hamlet, whose ghost will appear in three scenes of the film, and who will play a crucial role in the story.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2></div>

Title sequences for television series have routinely played a central role in establishing the show's identity. Repeated at the beginning of every new and rebroadcast episode, usually with limited changes over the course of the series' run, they can become highly memorable. <a href="Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme music</a> played during the sequence may be remembered clearly by viewers decades later.

Title sequences can take a variety of forms, incorporating different elements. A song may summarize the backstory or premise of the series, such as for <a href="The_Brady_Bunch" title="The Brady Bunch">The Brady Bunch</a>, <a href="The_Beverly_Hillbillies" title="The Beverly Hillbillies">The Beverly Hillbillies</a>, or <a href="Mister_Ed" title="Mister Ed">Mister Ed</a>. Less commonly, a <a href="Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-over</a> may serve the same function, as for <a href="Star_Trek%3A_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a>, <a href="Quantum_Leap_(1989_TV_series)" title="Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)">Quantum Leap</a>, or <a href="The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a>. Often a song will more generally set the theme of the series, such as for <a href="WKRP_in_Cincinnati" title="WKRP in Cincinnati">WKRP in Cincinnati</a>, <a href="Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a>, or <a href="All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a>. An instrumental piece may be used the same way, as for <a href="Taxi_(TV_series)" title="Taxi (TV series)">Taxi</a>, <a href="The_Bob_Newhart_Show" title="The Bob Newhart Show">The Bob Newhart Show</a>, or <a href="Dallas_(TV_series)" title="Dallas (TV series)">Dallas</a>. A title sequence will at some point badge the show with a typographic logo. Visuals may be used to quickly present the backstory, as in <a href="I_Dream_of_Jeannie" title="I Dream of Jeannie">I Dream of Jeannie</a> or <a href="Gilligan's_Island" title="Gilligan's Island">Gilligan's Island</a>. Because it is produced at the outset of a series, the sequence will usually include visuals taken from early episodes already shot when it was prepared. Short clips of key characters may be used to introduce them and to credit the actors playing them, as with <a href="The_Love_Boat" title="The Love Boat">The Love Boat</a>. In and around these elements may be other footage depicting the setting, or examples of scenes common to the show (e.g. car chases for a police drama, household activities for a sitcom, singing and dancing for a variety show).

Although a title sequence may be modified during a series to update cast changes or incorporate new "highlight" shots from later episodes, it will tend to remain largely the same for an entire season. Some shows have had several quite different title sequences and theme music throughout their runs, while in contrast some ever-popular shows have retained their original title sequences for decades with only minor alterations. Conversely, retaining a series' original title sequence can allow a producer to change many key elements within a programme itself, without losing the show's on-screen identity. Other variations include changing only the theme music whilst keeping the visuals or vice versa.

Some series make minor changes to the title sequence of each episode, such as superimposing a different episode title on each one. Others make minor alterations to the content of the sequence itself, to keep them from being completely repetitive each episode and to reward attentive viewers. For example, <a href="The_Rockford_Files" title="The Rockford Files">The Rockford Files</a> would feature a different message left on the title character's <a href="Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">answering machine</a>, and <a href="The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> features <a href="The_Simpsons_opening_sequence" title="The Simpsons opening sequence">several unique elements</a> in the title sequence of each episode (e.g. the couch gag).

In <a href="Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series, opening and ending title sequences have evolved into a distinct art form in their own right: due to the running length of a half-hour block of programming on Japanese television providing more time for the actual episode as opposed to commercials, an episode is able to budget one-and-one-half minutes each for an OP (opening sequence) and ED (ending sequence). These will invariably feature pieces of vocal music, sometimes sung by members of the voice cast for the program, and will have unique animation that thematically serves to open and close the episode; often, guest animators will be brought in to direct and provide key animation for these sequences. The OP credits will usually include director, producer, animation director, studio, music, and OP animation credits: detailed staff and voice cast is almost always reserved for the ED. In anime produced primarily for an audience of young children, <a href="Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a> lyrics to the song will sometimes be provided at the bottom of the opening and ending sequences. For further information on anime openings, see <a href="Music_in_Japanese_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music in Japanese animation">Music in Japanese animation</a>.

Television specials, especially of classic works, sometimes contain unusual opening credit sequences. In the title sequence of <a href="Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a>'s 1977 version of <a href="Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s ballet <a href="The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a>, for example, we see closeups, freeze-frame and slow-motion shots of Baryshnikov and female lead <a href="Gelsey_Kirkland" title="Gelsey Kirkland">Gelsey Kirkland</a> "warming up" for the ballet. When the actual title appears on the screen we see Baryshnikov in his nutcracker costume and mask leaping into the air in slow motion and freeze frame. The "Overture Miniature" is heard during the opening credits.

In contemporary television news a title sequence can be changed every day, by including footage of that day's news with a presenter's voice "teasing" the items. This ensures that the title sequence appears fresh but still identifies the news program by its music and visual style.

In 2010, TV Guide published a list of American TV's top 10 credits sequences, as selected by readers. The series, in order of first to tenth, were: <a href="The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>, <a href="Get_Smart" title="Get Smart">Get Smart</a>, <a href="The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show" title="The Mary Tyler Moore Show">The Mary Tyler Moore Show</a>, the original <a href="Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)" title="Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)">Hawaii Five-O</a>, <a href="True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a>, <a href="The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a>, <a href="Dexter_(TV_series)" title="Dexter (TV series)">Dexter</a>, <a href="The_Brady_Bunch" title="The Brady Bunch">The Brady Bunch</a>, <a href="Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a>, and <a href="The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_games">Video games</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Glossary_of_video_game_terms#title_screen" title="Glossary of video game terms">Glossary of video game terms § title screen</a></div>

The animated introduction, <a href="Attract_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Attract mode">attract mode</a>, title screen, and title sequence have been a major part of video games for decades. However, it is only recently that game title sequences have been able to match the quality and fidelity of film and television titles.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<a href="Deus_Ex%3A_Human_Revolution" title="Deus Ex: Human Revolution">Deus Ex: Human Revolution</a> by <a href="Eidos_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidos Montréal">Eidos Montréal</a> and <a href="The_Last_of_Us_(video_game)" title="The Last of Us (video game)">The Last of Us</a> by <a href="Naughty_Dog" title="Naughty Dog">Naughty Dog</a> are two examples of <a href="AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">Triple-A</a> games that have employed film-style opening title sequences.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="Professor_Layton_and_the_Lost_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Layton and the Lost Future">Professor Layton and the Lost Future</a> had the title following some gameplay setting up the story.

<ul><li><a href="Acknowledgment_(creative_arts_and_sciences)" title="Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)">Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)</a></li>

<li><a href="Billing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billing (filmmaking)">Billing (filmmaking)</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_generator" title="Character generator">Character generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_Research_Corporation" title="Cinema Research Corporation">Cinema Research Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Closing_credits" title="Closing credits">Closing credits</a></li>

<li><a href="Credit_(creative_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (creative arts)">Credit (creative arts)</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a> (BUG)</li>

<li><a href="Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li>

<li><a href="Montage_(filmmaking)" title="Montage (filmmaking)">Montage (filmmaking)</a></li>

<li><a href="Opening_credits" title="Opening credits">Opening credits</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_logo" title="Production logo">Production logo</a></li>

<li><a href="Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme music</a></li>

<li><a href="WGA_screenwriting_credit_system" title="WGA screenwriting credit system">WGA screenwriting credit system</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFStanitzek,_Georg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stanitzek, Georg (Summer 2009). "Reading the Title Sequence". Cinema Journal. 48 (4). Translated by Aplevich, Noelle: 44–58. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcj.0.0142">10.1353/cj.0.0142</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62638478">62638478</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~johnny/kt/dist/files/Kinetic_Typography.pdf">"The Kinetic Typography Engine"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320020844/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~johnny/kt/dist/files/Kinetic_Typography.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRadatz2012" class="citation news cs1">Radatz, Ben (July 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/se7en/">"Se7en (1995) — Art of the Title"</a>. Art of the Title. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/company/co0058110/">"Cinema Research Titles (1990s)"</a>. <a href="IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/the-sopranos/">"The Sopranos (1999) — Art of the Title"</a>. Art of the Title. April 29, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllison2006" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Deborah (27 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screeningthepast.com/2014/12/novelty-title-sequences-and-self-reflexivity-in-classical-hollywood-cinema/">"Novelty Title Sequences and Self-Reflexivity in Classical Hollywood Cinema"</a>. Screening the Past (20). Retrieved 15 November 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllison2011" class="citation web cs1">Allison, Deborah (30 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmint.nu/beyond-saul-bass-a-century-of-american-film-title-sequences/">"Beyond Saul Bass: A Century of American Film Title Sequences"</a>. Film International. Retrieved 15 November 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllison2021" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Deborah (2021). Film Title Sequences: A Critical Anthology. Pilea Publications. pp. 51, 60. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>979-8-5979-1094-9</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRadatz2014" class="citation news cs1">Radatz, Ben (April 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/se7en/">"Se7en (1995) — Art of the Title"</a>. Art of the Title. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofthetitle.com/news/a-brief-history-of-video-game-title-design/">"A Brief History of Video Game Title Design"</a>. Art of the Title. November 5, 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/deus-ex-human-revolution/">"Deus Ex: Human Revolution"</a>. Art of the Title. January 30, 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/the-last-of-us/">"The Last of Us"</a>. Art of the Title. September 10, 2012.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofthetitle.com/">Art of the Title</a> – A compendium and leading web resource of film and television title design from around the world</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watchthetitles.com/">Forget the Film, Watch the Titles</a> – A collection of title sequences and interviews with their creators</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517014437/http://www.space1999.net/catacombs/main/pguide/up10.html">Detailed dissection of the title sequence for Space: 1999</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apkranch.com/">Real "Ends" Final</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/classic/titles/drwho1.shtml">Original Doctor Who opening credits</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themorrisonstudio.com/">The Morrison Studio</a> – Title sequence company, led by Richard Morrison and Dean Wares</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Title_sequence&oldid=1303405420">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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